Definition of Isosbestic Point

This term is usually employed with reference to a set of absorption spectra, plotted on the same chart for a set of solutions in which the sum of the concentrations of two principal absorbing components, A and B, is constant. The curves of absorbance against wavelength (or frequency) for such a set of mixtures often all intersect at one or more points, called isosbestic points.

Isosbestic points are commonly met when electronic spectra are taken (a) on a solution in which a chemical reaction is in progress (in which case the two absorbing components concerned are a reactant and a product, A + B), or (b) on a solution in which the two absorbing components are in equilibrium and their relative proportions are controlled by the concentration of some other component, typically the concentration of hydrogen ions, e.g., an acid-base indicator equilibrium.

A B + H+aq

The effect may also appear (c) in the spectra of a set of solutions of two unrelated non-interacting components having the same total concentration. In all these examples, A (and/or B) may be either a single chemical species or a mixture of chemical species present in invariant proportion.

If A and B are single chemical species, isosbestic points will appear at all wavelengths at which their molar absorption coefficients (formerly called extinction coefficients) are the same. (A more involved identity applies when A and B are mixtures of constant proportion.)

If absorption spectra of the types considered above intersect not at one or more isosbestic points but over progressively changing wavelength, this is prima facie evidence in case (a) for the formation of a reaction intermediate in substantial concentration (A C B), in case (b) for the involvement of a third absorbing species in the equilibrium, e.g.

A B + H+aq C + 2 H+aq

or in case (c) for some interaction of A and B, e.g.,

A + B C