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Oxidation & Electrons | Appearance & Characteristics Reactions | Compounds | Radius | Conductivity Abundance & Isotopes 
Antimony. |
General:
| Name: Antimony | Symbol: Sb |
| Type: Metalloid, Nitrogen group | Atomic weight: 121.75 |
| Density @ 293 K: 6.684 g/cm3 | Atomic volume: 18.22 cm3/mol |
| Discovered: The presence of antimony in historical artifacts indicates it was known to ancient civilizations. The date of discovery is unknown. It's likely that Roman author Pliny gave the name stibium, from which the modern element symbol Sb was taken, in the first century AD. Pliny wrote about antimony's use as a medicine. Abu Musa Jabir Ibn Hayyan, who lived in the seventh and eighth centuries, is likely to have given the element its modern name antimony. | |
States
| State (s, l, g): solid | |
| Melting point: 903.94 K (630.79 oC) | Boiling point: 1860 K (1587 oC) |
Energies
| Specific heat capacity: 0.21 J/gK | Heat of atomization: 262 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of fusion: 19.870 kJ mol-1 | Heat of vaporization: 67.97 kJ mol-1 |
| 1st ionization energy: 833.7 kJ mol-1 | 2nd ionization energy: 1594.9 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd ionization energy: 2441.1 kJ mol-1 | Electron affinity: 103 kJ mol-1 |
Oxidation & Electrons
| Shells: 2,8,18,18,5 | Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 |
| Minimum oxidation number: -3 | Maximum oxidation number: 5 |
| Min. common oxidation no.: 0 | Max. common oxidation no.: 5 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling Scale): 2.05 | Polarizability volume: 6.6 Å3 |
Appearance & Characteristics
| Structure: rhombohedral | Color: silvery-white |
| Uses: Flame retardent. Hardens Pb in alloy for batteries. Semiconductors. | Hardness: 3.15 mohs |
| Harmful effects: Immediately dangerous to life or health at 50 mg m-3. | |
| Characteristics: a metalloid, so has some metallic properties but does not behave as a true metal. Hence antimony's electrical and thermal conductivity are lower than most metals' conductivities and it is not lustrous. Antimony is a brittle, fusible, crystalline solid which expands when cooled. In addition to the usual form of antimony, there are two allotropes: yellow crystalline and amorphous black. | |
Reactions
| Reaction with air: mild, w/ht, ⇒ Sb2Ox x=3-5 | Reaction with 6 M HCl: none |
| Reaction with 15 M HNO3: mild, ⇒ Sb2O5 | Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none |
Compounds
| Oxide(s): Sb2O3 Sb2O4 Sb2O5 | Chloride(s): SbCl3 SbCl5 |
| Hydride(s): SbH3 |
Radius
| Atomic radius: 140 pm | Ionic radius (1+ ion): pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): pm | Ionic radius (3+ ion): 90 pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm | Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
Conductivity
| Thermal conductivity: 24.4 W m-1 K-1 | Electrical conductivity: 25.641 x 106 S m-1 |
Abundance & Isotopes
| Abundance earth's crust: 0.2 ppm by weight, 0.03 ppm by moles | |
| Abundance solar system: 950 parts per billion by weight, 10 parts per trillion by moles | |
| Cost, pure: 4.5 $/100g | |
| Cost, bulk: 0.44 $/100g | |
| Source: Most antimony is produced from stibnite (antimony sulfide, Sb2S3). | |
| Isotopes: 31 whose half-lives are known, mass numbers 104 to 136. Of these, two are stable and found naturally in the percentages shown: 121Sb (57.36%) and 123Sb (42.64%). | |
