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Oxidation & Electrons | Appearance & Characteristics Reactions | Compounds | Radius | Conductivity Abundance & Isotopes 
The Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, covered with titanium panels |
General:
| Name: Titanium | Symbol: Ti |
| Type: Transition Metal | Atomic weight: 47.88 |
| Density @ 293 K: 4.50 g/cm3 | Atomic volume: 10.64 cm3/mol |
| Discovered: Titanium was discovered by the Reverend William Gregor in 1791. The pure metal was prepared in 1910 by Matthew Hunter, who heated titanium (IV) chloride together with sodium in a steel bomb. Titanium is named after the Titans, the sons of the Earth goddess in Greek mythology. | |
States
| State (s, l, g): solid | |
| Melting point: 1941 K (1668 oC) | Boiling point: 3560 K (3287 oC) |
Energies
| Specific heat capacity: 0.52 J g-1 K-1 | Heat of atomization: 471 kJ mol-1 |
| Heat of fusion: 14.15 kJ mol-1 | Heat of vaporization: 425 kJ mol-1 |
| 1st ionization energy: 658 kJ mol-1 | 2nd ionization energy: 1310.3 kJ mol-1 |
| 3rd ionization energy: 2652.5 kJ mol-1 | Electron affinity: 7.6 kJ mol-1 |
Oxidation & Electrons
| Shells: 2,8,10,2 | Electron configuration: [Ar] 3d2 4s2 |
| Minimum oxidation number: -1 | Maximum oxidation number: 4 |
| Min. common oxidation no.: 0 | Max. common oxidation no.: 4 |
| Electronegativity (Pauling Scale): 1.54 | Polarizability volume: 14.6 Å3 |
Appearance & Characteristics
| Structure: hcp: hexagonal close pkd | Color: silvery-white |
| Hardness: 6.0 mohs | |
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Harmful effects:
Titanium metal is considered to be non-toxic. As metal shavings, or powder, it is a considerable fire hazard. Titanium chlorides are corrosive. Characteristics: Pure titanium is a light, silvery-white, hard, lustrous metal. It has excellent strength and corrosion resistance and also has a high strength to weight ratio. At high temperatures the metal will burn in air and, unusually, titanium will also burn in pure nitrogen. Titanium is ductile and it is malleable when heated. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in concentrated acids. Uses: Titanium metal is used as an alloying agent with metals including aluminum, iron, molybdenum and manganese. Alloys of titanium are mainly used in aerospace, aircraft and engines where strong, lightweight, temperature-resistant materials are needed. As it is resistant to seawater, titanium is used for hulls of ships, propeller shafts and other structures exposed to the sea. Titanium is also used in joint replacement implants, such as the ball-and-socket hip joint. About 95% of Titanium production is used to make titanium dioxide (titania). This intensely white pigment, with a high refractive index and strong UV light absorption, is used in white paint, food coloring, toothpaste, plastics and sunscreen. Titanium is used in several everyday products such as drill bits, bicycles, golf clubs, watches and laptop computers. |
Reactions
| Reaction with air: mild, w/ht ⇒ TiO2 | Reaction with 6 M HCl: none |
| Reaction with 3 M HNO3: passivated | Reaction with 6 M NaOH: none |
Compounds
| Oxide(s): TiO, Ti2O3, TiO2 (titania) + more | Chloride(s): TiCl2, TiCl3, TiCl4 |
| Hydride(s): TiH2 |
Radius
| Atomic radius: 140 pm | Ionic radius (1+ ion): 128 pm |
| Ionic radius (2+ ion): 100 pm | Ionic radius (3+ ion): 81 pm |
| Ionic radius (2- ion): pm | Ionic radius (1- ion): pm |
Conductivity
| Thermal conductivity: 21.9 W m-1 K-1 | Electrical conductivity: 2.6 x 106 S m-1 |
Abundance & Isotopes
| Abundance earth's crust: 0.56% by weight, 0.25% by moles | |
| Abundance solar system: 4 parts per million by weight, 100 parts per billion by moles | |
| Cost, pure: $6.1 per 100g | |
| Cost, bulk: $ per 100g | |
| Source: Titanium is the ninth most abundant metal in the Earth's crust. Titanium is not found freely in nature but is found in minerals such as rutile (titanium oxide), ilmenite (iron titanium oxide) and sphene (titanite or calcium titanium silicate). Commercially, the metal is isolated using the Kroll process which initially prepares titanium oxide from the mineral ilmenite. The oxide TiO2 is then converted to the chloride ( TiCl4) through carbochlorination. This is condensed and purified by fractional distillation and then reduced with molten magnesium in an argon atmosphere. | |
| Isotopes: Titanium has 18 isotopes whose half-lives are known, with mass numbers 39 to 57. Of these, five are stable, 46Ti, 47Ti, 48Ti, 49Ti and 50Ti. The most naturally abundant of these isotopes is 48Ti at 73.8%. | |
